|
Pathological demand avoidance (PDA), or Newson's syndrome, is a subtype of autism characterized by an avoidance of the ordinary demands of life. It is identified as a syndrome through the clinical work of UK child psychologist Elizabeth Newson. Newson proposed it to be a specific pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) within the PDD "family" which is now loosely termed the autism spectrum.〔 PDA is increasingly being recognized as a distinct sub-type of autism that responds to different treatment and handling guidelines than other conditions on the autistic spectrum. In common with Asperger's syndrome and PDD-NOS (pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified), pathological demand avoidance is not individually named in the current authority of psychiatric diagnosis, ''DSM-5''.〔http://www.dsm5.org/Pages/Default.aspx〕 but is included within the diagnosis of 'Autism Spectrum Disorder'. Clinicians are increasingly prepared to diagnose children (and some adults) with PDA when this profile fits the patient most accurately. In the United Kingdom there are recognized resources of information that can be followed in order to help integrate PDA children into the school system such as 'The Distinctive Clinical and Educational Needs of Children with Pathological Demand Avoidance Syndrome: Guidelines for good practice' 〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=The Distinctive Clinical and Educational Needs of Children with Pathological Demand Avoidance Syndrome: Guidelines for Good Practice )〕 by Phil Christie. PDA has gained such a degree of recognition and diagnostic acceptance from the clinical community that the National Autistic Society (a UK autism charity) have produced a leaflet entitled 'What is PDA?'〔'What is PDA?' - National Autistic Society (UK) http://www.autism.org.uk/about-autism/related-conditions/pda-pathological-demand-avoidance-syndrome.aspx〕 after recognising the disorder in 2008. ==Diagnostic criteria== The defining criteria developed by Newson include: #Passive early history in the first year, avoiding ordinary demands and missing milestones #Continuing to avoid demands, panic attacks if demands are escalated #Surface sociability, but apparent lack of sense of social identity #Lability of mood and impulsive #Comfortable in role play and pretending #Language delay, seemingly the result of passivity #Obsessive behavior #Neurological signs (awkwardness, similar to autism spectrum disorders〔http://www.pdasociety.org.uk〕) The Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders (DISCO)〔Wing, L., Leekam, S. R. , Libby, S. J. , Gould, J. and Larcombe, M. (2002), The Diagnostic Interview for Social and Communication Disorders: background, inter-rater reliability and clinical use. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 43: 307–325. 〕 was developed for use at The Centre for Social and Communication Disorders, by Lorna Wing and Judith Gould, as both a clinical and a research instrument for use with children and adults of any age. The questionnaire has 17 recognized markers for PDA within it and is a useful tool for diagnosis. Newson and her colleagues at the Elizabeth Newson Centre have been diagnosing PDA since the 1980s. This centre is part of Sutherland House Children's Services a subsidiary of Nottingham Regional Society for Children and Adults with Autism (NORSACA ). Phil Christie and his team of psychologists, speech therapists, teachers and play therapists complete assessments on children referred there. PDA has become increasingly recognized (see below) clinicians and Child and Adolescent Mental Health Teams CAMHS are diagnosing this elsewhere in the country. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pathological demand avoidance」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|